Germany’s ‘Lex Apple Pay’: Payment Services Regulation Overtakes Competition Enforcement

173/2020, B05, Jens-Uwe Franck, Dimitrios Linardatos. First version: May 2020. Published as "Competition Enforcement versus Regulation as Market-Opening Tools: An Application to Banking and Payment Systems" in Journal of Antitrust Enforcement 12 (2024), 148-188